CUBA: DOLLAR CRUNCH, DOLLARIZATION AND DEVALUATION Luis R. Luis   Cuba faces an acute balance of payments crisis aggravated  by the COVID 19 pandemic.  The balance of payments crisis in turn is reflected in severe shortages of foodstuffs, medicines and other essential goods.  So far measures taken to deal with the crisis are largely fiscal […]

CUBA’S UNCERTAIN REVENUES FROM MEDICAL EXPORTS Luis R. Luis   It is well known that exports of medical and other professional services are Cuba’s largest source of export income, surpassing tourism and outstripping merchandise exports. It is also a controversial income source as doctors are treated as mere appendages of the Cuban state deprived of […]

EXIT AND PARTICIPATION: RESPONSES TO DECLINING MEMBERSHIP IN SMALL CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS Roger R. Betancourt In a classic work titled ‘Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses To Declining Membership in Firms, Organizations and States’, Albert O. Hirschman suggested that there was a third factor linking exit (leaving the firm organization or state) to voice (acting in […]